The goal of this article is to provide a concise description of the Luwian language. The translation of these blocks are building inscriptions of the kings of Hamath, Urhilina and his son Uratamis. Supporters of a length distinction usually point the fact that Akkadian, the language from which the Hittites borrowed the cuneiform script, had voicing, but Hittite scribes used voiced and voiceless signs interchangeably. concerning augamuwa of Amurru, CTH 116 Edict of Tutaliya IV? He presented his argument that the language is Indo-European in a paper published in 1915 (Hrozn 1915), which was soon followed by a grammar of the language (Hrozn 1917). Omniglot is how I make my living. Hittite was spoken north-central Anatolia (part of modern Turkey) and is generally classified as belonging to the Anatolian branch of Indo-European languages. Hittite thus preserved archaisms that would be lost in the other Indo-European languages.[15]. Elamite, Conversely, many words of Luvian origin are not marked with the Glossenkeil in Hittite contexts. About half of the signs have syllabic values, the remaining are used as ideograms or logograms to represent the entire wordmuch as the characters "$", "%" and "&" are used in contemporary English. Open Hittite.dot or Cuneiform.dot. He focused on the striking similarities in idiosyncratic aspects of the morphology that are unlikely to occur independently by chance or to be borrowed. PDF Cuneiform Languages (Akkadian, Hittite) B - uclouvain.be L-N - P - . b) The cuneiform writing was invented by the Sumerians and was . This language was written in a script known as cuneiform, which was later adapted by other languages that emerged in Mesopotamia and its neighboring regions, including Akkadian, Elamite, and Hittite. Level I.1: grammatical exercises and small phrases in cuneiform writing and in translation. Either use a catalogue that you own, or work directly from the transliteration. The Hittite control of the region is divided by modern-day scholars into two periods:. In the modern world, paper (and various electronic devices) is the medium on which writing is made. Hurrian), CTH 350 Fragments of myths referring to Itar, CTH 351 Fragments of myths referring to Ea, CTH 352 Fragments of myths referring to uranu, CTH 353 Fragments of myths referring to the daughter of the Pleiades (DIMIN.IMIN.BI), CTH 361 Tale of the hunter Kei and his beautiful wife (.I Hittite, .II Hurrian, .III Akkadian), CTH 363 Tale of the Sun-god, the cow and the fisherman, CTH 365 Ritual and myth concerning the Euphrates (Mla) River, CTH 370 Fragments of myths (.I Hittite, .II Hurrian), CTH 371 Prayer to the Sun-goddess of the earth, CTH 372 Hymn and prayer of a mortal to the Sun-god (ama), CTH 373 Prayer of Kantuzzili to the Sun-god, CTH 375 Prayer of Arnuwanda I and Amunikkal to the Sun-goddess of Arinna, CTH 376 Hymns and prayers to the Sun-goddess of Arinna, CTH 377 Hymn and prayer of Murili II to Telipinu, CTH 380 Prayer to Lelwani for the recovery of Gauliyawiya, CTH 381 Prayer of Muwattalli II to the assembly of gods, CTH 382 Prayer of Muwattalli II to the Storm-god of Kummanni, CTH 383 Prayer of attuili III and Puduepa to the Sun-goddess of Arinna, CTH 384 Prayer of Puduepa to the Sun-goddess of Arinna, CTH 385 Fragments of Prayers to the Sun-goddess of Arinna, CTH 386 Fragments of Prayers to the Storm-god of Nerik, CTH 390 Rituals and incantations of Ayatara, Wattiti and uumaniga, CTH 392 Ritual of Anna of Kaplawiya against an unproductive vineyard, CTH 393 Ritual of Anniwiyani for the DKAL-deities, CTH 394 Ritual of Aella of apalla against a plague in the army, CTH 396 Ritual of atiya of Kanzapida against the demonic Wiuriyant, CTH 397 Ritual of ebatarakki of Zuaruwa, CTH 399 Ritual of Yarri of Lallupiya against impurity, CTH 400 Ritual of Iriya for the purification of a town, CTH 403 Rituals of Mallidunna of Durmitta, CTH 406 Ritual of Pakuwatti of Arzawa against effeminacy, CTH 407 Ritual of Pulia against foreign plague, CTH 408 Ritual of Pupuwanni against witchcraft, CTH 410 Ritual of Uamuwa of Arzawa against plague, CTH 411 Ritual of Uruwanda against the results of slander, CTH 413 Foundation ritual for a temple or house, CTH 416 Four old Hittite rituals for the royal couple, CTH 417 Rituals against the enemies of the king, CTH 418 Ritual against a foreign enemy of the royal couple, CTH 419 Substitution ritual for the king, CTH 420 Fragments of substitution rituals, CTH 423 Evocation of gods of an enemy city, CTH 426 Ritual for an army defeated in battle, CTH 429 Ritual of Ambazzi against slander, CTH 433 Ritual for the protective deity of the hunting bag (DKAL KUkura), CTH 434 Ritual for the fate goddesses (DINGIR.MA, Gule), CTH 435 Ritual and invocation of the Sun-god, CTH 437 Ritual referring to the god Agni. E. Laroche, continued by S. Koak and G.G.W. ), CTH 126 Historical fragments referring to uppiluliuma II, CTH 127 Letter about years of famine and deliveries of grain, CTH 133 Treaty of Arnuwanda I with the Imerigaeans, CTH 135 Treaty of Tutaliya I? Take a closer look. When the translation part is completed, the cuneatic clay tablets will be put on display for the public in the Hittite Digital Library scheduled to open soon. Early Hittite texts have a vocative case for a few nouns with -u, but it ceased to be productive by the time of the earliest discovered sources and was subsumed by the nominative in most documents. Remarks on the Hittite Cuneiform Script, in: ipamati kistamati pari tumatimis. Cuneiform signs can be employed in three functions: syllabograms, Akkadograms or Sumerograms. If you need to use this translation for business, school, a tattoo, or any other official, professional, or permanent reasons, contact us first for a free quote. The remaining job consists in reviewing the present text and improving some unclear passages. 2 For the gradual emergence of the Hittites into the light of history see the account in E. MEYER, Reich und Kultur der Chetiter, pp. Answer (1 of 5): It is important to understand that "cuneiform" defines a script, not a language. This means I earn a commission if you click on any of them and buy something. and Their Interdisciplinary Context . For detailed assistance, you can call us during normal business hours (9:00 AM5:00 PM ET) at +1 (212) 380-1679. The latter was the language of the Hattians, the local inhabitants of the land of Hatti before they were absorbed or displaced by the Hittites. 19 Facts About Cuneiform Writing [2023] - BlogDigger PDF CLuvian Lexicon A - University of California, Los Angeles A Grammar of the Hittite Language. The Chicago Hittite Dictionary Hoffner, Harry A.; Melchert, H. Craig (2008). Steitler, DE | EN It was originally used for the Sumerian language, later also used for Semitic Akkadian (Assyrian/Babylonian), Eblaite, Amorite, Elamite, Hattic, Hurrian, Urartian, Hittite, Luwian. Our translator translates English alphabets into Babylonian Cuneiform letters. All three programs require an advanced knowledge of the major language, and the relevant history and archaeology. We also offer usage examples showing dozens of translated sentences. . http://thevore.com/hittite/, Akkadian, The Hittite language is the dead language once spoken by the Hittites, a people who once created an empire centered on ancient Hattusa (today Boazky) in north-central Turkey. Zur Vorgeschichte der Ausgrabungen in Boazky-attua und zu den archologischen Forschungen bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg, Benedict Press 2006. harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFFortson2004 (, "The Arzawa Letters in Recent Perspective", "The Telepenus "Vanishing God" Myth (Anatolian mythology)", "When Did the Hittites Begin to Write in Hittite? It was used for writing in the Empire of Hattusa and the Neo-Hittite states, which arose after its collapse (appr. The most up-to-date grammar of the Hittite language is currently Hoffner and Melchert (2008). The predominantly syllabic nature of the script makes it difficult to ascertain the precise phonetic qualities of some of the Hittite sound inventory. Hittite language - Wikipedia The font is free and can be saved on any computer (Fontpackage SemiramisUnicode [SemUni38x]). 13) (translation) Location Not on display. Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform. The two main languages written in cuneiform are Sumerian and Akkadian, although more than a dozen others are recorded, including Hittite, cousin to Latin. cuneiform writing - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help Save it as "document template" with the extension .dotx. Hittite is the modern scholarly name for the language, based on the identification of the Hatti (atti) kingdom with the Biblical Hittites (Biblical Hebrew: * ittim), although that name appears to have been applied incorrectly:[4] The term Hattian refers to the indigenous people who preceded the Hittites, speaking a non-Indo-European Hattic language. Sturtevant, Edgar H. (1931). E The syllabary distinguishes the following consonants (notably, the Akkadian s series is dropped). If youre over the age of 18 and would like to share your views, please register your interest. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittite_language, Hittite dictionary (PDF) The Kikkuli Text. Hittite Training Instructions for Chariot Please notice that the translation is given rather as a solution to the exercises than as a text of literary quality. Empire builder. Although he had no bilingual texts, he was able to provide a partial interpretation of the two letters because of the formulaic nature of the diplomatic correspondence of the period. Enable autotext On the Word menu, select Preferences and then AutoCorrect . Hittite orthography was directly adapted from Old Babylonian cuneiform. Rose (2006) lists 132 hi verbs and interprets the hi/mi oppositions as vestiges of a system of grammatical voice ("centripetal voice" vs. "centrifugal voice"). Glosbe dictionaries are unique. The Anatolian branch also includes Cuneiform Luwian, Hieroglyphic Luwian, Palaic, Lycian, Milyan, Lydian, Carian, Pisidian, Sidetic and Isaurian. Lion hunter. Scholar. F Hittite cuneiform scripts will soon be accessible online - Archaeology Wiki Unicode cuneiform fonts: - Old Babylonian Fonts - Hittite Fonts - Neo-Assyrian font - CuneiformComposite.ttf - Akkadian.ttf and Assyrian.ttf - My Neo-Assyrian font Sinacherib.ttf Dictionaries and Language Tools: - ePSD, ePSD2 - CAD - Akkadian Dictionary - eSAD: Supplement to the Akkadian Dictionaries - Babylonian Verb Conjugator (BVC) - Sumerian Verb Conjugator (SVC) CTH 796 Akkadian mythological narrative? : for the deity IB/URA, CTH 615 AN.DA.UMSAR, days 2225: for Itar of attarina, CTH 616 AN.DA.UMSAR, day 29: for Ea and his circle, CTH 617 AN.DA.UMSAR, day 32: for the protective deity of Tauri, CTH 618 AN.DA.UMSAR, day 3334: on Mt. "Hittite glossary: words of known or conjectured meaning, with Sumerian ideograms and Accadian words common in Hittite texts", Language 7, no. Warrior. Our Hittite translation team has many experienced document translators who specialize in translating many different types of documents including birth and death certificates, marriage certificates and divorce decrees, diplomas and transcripts, and any other Hittite document you may need translated. What. Hittite syntax shows one noteworthy feature that is typical of Anatolian languages: commonly, the beginning of a sentence or clause is composed of either a sentence-connecting particle or otherwise a fronted or topicalized form, and a "chain" of fixed-order clitics is then appended. The mi-conjugation is similar to the general verbal conjugation paradigm in Sanskrit and can also be compared to the class of mi-verbs in Ancient Greek. The Chicago Hittite Dictionary Project, Hittite Epigraphic Finds in the Ancient Near East, Glottotheque: Ancient Indo-european Grammar on-line. No problem, in Glosbe you will find a English - Hittite translator that will easily translate the article or file you are interested in. ), CTH 665 Festival fragments referring to the aua(tal)la- men -, CTH 671 Offering and prayer to the Storm-god of Nerik, CTH 673 Tablet of forgiveness of the deities of Nerik, CTH 674 Fragments of the purulliya- festival of Nerik, CTH 675 Fragments of the festival in the eta- house, CTH 676 Fragments of a purifications ritual in Nerik, CTH 678 Festival fragments concerning the cult of Nerik, E. THE CULT OF THE PROTECTIVE DEITY (DKAL), CTH 682 Festival for the protective deities, CTH 683 Renewal of the hunting bag for the protective deities, CTH 684 Festival for the protective deities of the river, CTH 685 Fragments of festivals for the protective deities, CTH 690 List of festivals for uwaanna, CTH 692 Fragents of the wita(ij)a festival, CTH 694 Fragments of festivals for uwaanna, CTH 698 Cults of Teup and ebat of Aleppo, CTH 699 Festival for Teup and ebat of Lawazantiya, CTH 700 Enthronement ritual for Teup and ebat, CTH 701 Drink offering for the throne of ebat, CTH 702 Ritual after the renewal of a temple of ebat, CTH 703 Rituals of Muwalanni, priest of Kummanni, for Teup of Manuzziya, CTH 704 Lists of Hurrian Gods in festivals, CTH 705 Lists of Hurrian Gods in festivals, CTH 706 Fragments of festivals for Teup and ebat, CTH 711 Autumn festival for Itar of amua, CTH 715 Winter festival for Itar of Nineveh, CTH 718 Ritual for Itar-Pirinkir with recitations in Babylonian (pabilili), CTH 719 Festival for Itar, Hu(r)dumana, Aruna, CTH 720 Fragments of festivals for Itar, CTH 722 Festival for the Great Sea and the tarmana- Sea, CTH 725 Hattian-Hittite ritual for the consecration of a temple, CTH 726 Hattian-Hittite foundation ritual, CTH 727 Hattian-Hittite myth: The moon that fell from heaven, CTH 728 Hattian-Hittite bilingual incantation, CTH 729 Hattian-Hittite bilingual incantation, CTH 730 Hattian incantation of the moon and wind, CTH 733 nvocation of Hattian deities: language of gods, language of men, CTH 734 Fragments of Hattian rituals or incantations, CTH 736 Song of the zintui-women for the Sun-goddess, CTH 737 Festivals of Nerik (with Hattian recitations), CTH 738 Festival for the goddess Teteshapi, CTH 739 Festivals of the city of Tuhumiyara, CTH 741 Hattian songs of the women of Tissaruliya, CTH 744 Festival fragments with Hattian recitations, CTH 751 Festival for the Palaic pantheon bread-, meat- and drink-offerings in Palaic, CTH 752 Festival for the Palaic pantheon ritual for the disappearing and returning deity, CTH 756 mugawar for the Storm-god of Zippalanda, CTH 757 Ritual of Zarpiya from Kizzuwatna against pest, CTH 758 Ritual of Puriyanni against impurity of a house, CTH 760 MUNUSU.GI rituals (.I Ritual of Tunnawiya, .II Ritual of Kuwatalla), CTH 761 The great ritual (alli aniur), CTH 763 Fragments of Hittite rituals with Luwianisms, CTH 764 Magic and myth: the neglected deity, CTH 765 Luwian incantations against illness, CTH 767 Incantation fragments with Luwianisms, CTH 771 Tablet of Lallupiya (with Luwianisms), CTH 775 Historical-mythological Hurrian texts, CTH 777 Washing of the mouth ritual (idgai-, itkalzi-) -, CTH 778 Fragments of the washing of the mouth ritual referring to Tamiarri and Taduepa, CTH 781 Fragments of the ritual of Allaiturai, CTH 782 Ritual of the goddess Iara against perjury, CTH 784 Hurrian ritual for the royal couple, CTH 790 Fragments of Hittite-Hurrian rituals and incantations, CTH 794 Sumerian-Akkadian Hymn and Prayer. The Hittites had lived in Anatolia more than 4000 years ago. How to translate a website into a Spanish language? "The Postdeterminativeki in the Hittite Cuneiform Corpus" Zeitschrift fr Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archologie, vol. In multilingual texts found in Hittite locations, passages written in Hittite are preceded by the adverb nesili (or nasili, nisili), "in the [speech] of Nea (Kane)", an important city during the early stages of the Hittite Old Kingdom. Other signs stood for whole words, like our '' standing for pound sterling. The Hittites had lived in Anatolia more than 4000 years ago. . Language | Cuneiform - Arcadian Venture LLC It inspired the later Semitic Ugaritic alphabet and Old Persian cuneiform. After a brief initial delay because of disruption during the First World War, Hrozn's decipherment, tentative grammatical analysis and demonstration of the Indo-European affiliation of Hittite were rapidly accepted and more broadly substantiated by contemporary scholars such as Edgar H. Sturtevant, who authored the first scientifically acceptable Hittite grammar with a chrestomathy and a glossary. Hittite Glosbe is a home for thousands of dictionaries. This system distinguishes the following consonants (notably dropping the Akkadian s series). The Hittite language has traditionally been stratified into Old Hittite (OH), Middle Hittite (MH) and New Hittite or Neo-Hittite (NH, not to be confused with the polysemic use of "Neo-Hittite" label as a designation for the later period, which is actually post-Hittite), corresponding to the Old, Middle and New Kingdoms of the Hittite history (ca. In Glosbe you can check not only English or Hittite translations. Mycenaean and Hittite Diplomatic Correspondence: Fact and Fiction Originating in what is now Iraq before 3,200 BC, cuneiform script is, as far as we know, the oldest form of writing in the world. I. Oracle reports. [12], Unlike most other Indo-European languages, Hittite does not distinguish between masculine and feminine grammatical gender, and it lacks subjunctive and optative moods as well as aspect. We also need to hear what the phrase or sentence sounds like. But what actually was it? Cuneiform is used around 3200 BC to 100 AD. 87-93, no. The Akkadian unvoiced/voiced series (k/g, p/b, t/d) do not express the voiced/unvoiced contrast in writing, but double spellings in intervocalic positions represent voiceless consonants in Indo-European (Sturtevant's law). For blogs and small, personal sites, we offer simple, free website translator tools and WordPress plugins you can self-install on your page template for fast, easy translation into dozens of major languages. Krysze, Adam. [3] After the collapse of the Hittite New Kingdom during the more general Late Bronze Age collapse, Luwian emerged in the Early Iron Age as the main language of the so-called Syro-Hittite states, in southwestern Anatolia and northern Syria. http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/hitol-0-X.html Translations from dictionary English - Hittite, definitions, grammar In Glosbe you will find translations from English into Hittite coming from various sources. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'omniglot_com-box-4','ezslot_2',122,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-omniglot_com-box-4-0'); If you like this site and find it useful, you can support it by making a donation via PayPal or Patreon, or by contributing in other ways. Computerized Hittite Cuneiform Sign Recognition and Knowledge-Based Conventionally. Texts were written by pressing a cut, straight reed into slightly moist clay. Hittite proper is known from cuneiform tablets and inscriptions erected by the Hittite kings. We can professionally translate any Hittite website, no matter if it is a static HTML website or an advanced Java/PHP/Perl driven website. 3-82., Language Monograph No. Written records of Hittite date from between the 16th and 13th centuries BC, and it is the earliest Indo-European to appear in writing. Use the full quote request form. against the Hurrians, CTH 16 Legendary accounts of the Hurrian wars, CTH 17 Fragments referring to the Hurrian wars, CTH 19 Edict of Telipinu (.I Akkadian .II Hittite), CTH 20 Campaign of Telipinu against Laa, CTH 21 Treaty of Telipinu with Iputau of Kizzuwatna (.I Akkadian .II Hittite), CTH 25 Treaty of Zidanza II with Pilliya of Kizzuwatna, CTH 26 Treaty of a Hittite king with Paddatiu of Kizzuwatna, CTH 29 Treaty of Taurwaili with Eeya of Kizzuwatna, CTH 41 Treaty of Tutaliya I with unaura of Kizzuwatna (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 42 Treaty of uppiluliuma I with ukkana of ayaa, CTH 44 Edict of uppiluliuma concerning the priesthood of Telipinu in the land of Kizzuwatna, CTH 45 Letter of uppiluliuma I to Niqmaddu II of Ugarit, CTH 46 Treaty of uppiluliuma I with Niqmaddu II of Ugarit, CTH 47 Decree of uppiluliuma I setting the tribute of Ugarit (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 48 Inventory of the tribute of Ugarit to uppiluliuma I, CTH 49 Treaty of uppiluliuma I with Aziru of Amurru (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 50 Treaty of uppiluliuma I with arri-Kuu of Karkami, CTH 51 Treaty of uppiluliuma I with attiwaza of Mitanni (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 52 Treaty of attiwaza of Mitanni with uppiluliuma I (.I Akkadian, .II Hittite), CTH 53 Treaty of uppiluliuma I with Tette of Nuae, CTH 54 Treaty between Niqmaddu II of Ugarit and Aziru of Amurru, CTH 55 Oracle mentioning ukkana of Azzi, CTH 57 Decree of Murili II concerning the recognition of the status of his brother Piyaili/arri-Kuu in Karkami, CTH 58 Report of Arnuwanda II of the deeds of his father uppiluliuma I, CTH 61 Annals of Murili II (.I Ten-year annals, .II Extensive annals, .III unclassified fragments), CTH 62 Treaty of Murili II with Duppi-Teup of Amurru (.I Akkadian .II Hittite), CTH 63 Arbitration concerning a border conflict between Nuae and Barga as well as an agreement with Duppi-Teup of Amurru, CTH 64 Edict of Murili II concerning the border between Ugarit and Muki, CTH 65 Edict of Murili II concerning a conflict between Ugarit and iyannu, CTH 66 Treaty of Murili II with Niqmepa of Ugarit, CTH 67 Treaty of Murili II with Targanalli of apalla, CTH 68 Treaty of Murili II with Kupanta-Kurunta of Mira and Kuwaliya, CTH 69 Treaty of Murili II with Manapa-Tarunta of a, CTH 70 Prayer of Mursili II concerning the affair of Tawannanna (the widow of uppiluliuma I) and her banishment, CTH 72 Report of Murili II about the dispute with Egypt in Syria with a prayer to the assembly of gods, CTH 75 Treaty of Muwattalli II with Talmi-arruma of Aleppo, CTH 76 Treaty of Muwattalli II with Alakandu of Wilua, CTH 77 Letter of arri-Kuu of Karkami to Niqmaddu II of Ugarit, CTH 79 Memorandum concerning Murili III, CTH 83 Report of attuili III on the campaigns of uppiluliuma I, CTH 84 Report of the deeds of uppiluliuma I and Murili II, CTH 85 Conflict between Murili III (Uri-Teup) and attuili III, CTH 86 Edict of attuili III concerning the estate of Arma-Tarunta, CTH 87 Decree of attuili III in favor of the sons of Mittannamuwa, CTH 88 Decree of attuili III regarding the exemption of the ekur, CTH 89 Decree of attuili III concerning the people of Tiliura, CTH 90 Edict of attuili III regarding the Restoration of Nerik, CTH 91 Treaty of attuili III with Ramses II of Egypt, CTH 92 Treaty of attuili III with Benteina of Amurru, CTH 93 Edict of attuili III concerning the merchants of Ura, CTH 94 Edict of attuili III concerning the fugitives from Ugarit, CTH 95 Edict of Puduepa concerning a shipwreck in Ugarit, CTH 96 Declaration of Kurunta of Taruntaa, CTH 98 Letter? Knudtzon argued that Hittite was Indo-European, largely because of its morphology. The closely related Luwian language was also in use in the Hittite empire, as a monumental language. Accordingly, scholars have surmised that Hittite possessed the following phonemes: Hittite had two series of consonants, one which was written always geminate in the original script, and another that was always simple. By the 2nd century AD, the script had . It contains all the special characters conventionally used for the transliteration of Hittite (and Mesopotamian) cuneiform signs. When the translation part is completed, the cuneatic clay tablets will be put on display for the public in the Hittite Digital Library scheduled to open soon. Ashurbanipal might have been a fearsome warrior but he was also a gardener! Hittie Translator & Interpreter Services - Cal Interpreting & Translations Hittite cuneiform - Wikipedia Additional ya (=I.A ), wa (=PI ) and wi (=wi5=GETIN "wine") signs are introduced. Sturtevant, Edgar H. A., & George Bechtel (1935). Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. In Glosbe you will find translations from English into Cuneiform Luwian coming from various sources. Collections of texts and digital libraries Rituale (Rituals) [9] His argument was not generally accepted, partly because the morphological similarities he observed between Hittite and Indo-European can be found outside of Indo-European and also because the interpretation of the letters was justifiably regarded as uncertain. By the Late Bronze Age, Hittite had started losing ground to its close relative Luwian. The Hittite texts are provided as exercises to put into practice your knowledge of Hittite gained by reading the grammar. You can see how words can be written in syllables in the handy chart below, from cuneiform (available to buy from theBritish Museum Shop), by curators Irving Finkel and Jonathan Taylor.