By 2002, there were almost 145,000 llamas in the US according to the US Department of Agriculture, and animals sold for as much as $220,000. The guanaco and vicuña are wild, the former being endangered, and of a nearly uniform light-brown color, passing into white below. Unlike camels, lamoids do not have the characteristic camel humps; they are slender-bodied animals and have long legs and necks, short tails, small heads, and large, pointed ears. Restrictions on importation of livestock from South America due to hoof and mouth disease, combined with lack of commercial interest, resulted in the number of llamas staying low until the late 20th century. It's the friends you can call up at 4 a.m. that matter. Nederlands: Lama norsk nynorsk: Lama norsk: Lama Diné bizaad: Shádiʼááhdę́ę́ʼ tłʼízí polski: Lama português: Lhama Runa Simi: Llama română: Lamă русский: Лама srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Lama Simple English: Llama slovenčina: Lama krotká slovenščina: Lama српски / … The females are usually only seen spitting as a means of controlling other herd members. Females reach puberty at about 12 months old; males do not become sexually mature until around three years of age. At a fossil site, the mix of plant and animal species gives clues to … In the lower jaw, the three incisors are long, spatulate, and procumbent; the outer ones are the smallest. It is from South America, the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador. North American llamas are categorized as a single extinct genus, Hemiauchenia. One loyal friend is worth ten thousand relatives. La vie en elle même est un éternel recommencement...Dalai lama. Citation; Help Invasive Species Compendium ... Ch'aku (woolly) type llama: Group of llamas representative of the Ch'aku (woolly) type. It takes a long time to grow an old friend. In harem mating, the male is left with females most of the year. The coarser outer guard hair is used for rugs, wall-hangings and lead ropes. Llama and Human Interaction. Marcelo A. Aba Llamas of Q'ara (bare) type ... Representative prevailing puna landscape characterized by its dryness and limited food supply for the animals. 8 déc. Llamas are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants. There is no dorsal hump. Candy et bouboule Voici mes chiens . Crias are typically born with all the females of the herd gathering around, in an attempt to protect against the male llamas and potential predators. [10], The camelid lineage has a good fossil record. Their fights are visually dramatic, with spitting, ramming each other with their chests, neck wrestling and kicking, mainly to knock the other off balance. The stomach compartments allow for fermentation of tough food stuffs, followed by regurgitation and re-chewing. lamas fit in to the environment in with other animals that are closely related to it such as goats. The question is complicated by the circumstance of the great majority of individuals that have come under observation being either in a completely or partially domesticated state. Le beau, c’est la splendeur du vrai. Things are never quite as scary when you've got a best friend. This birthing pattern is speculated to be a continuation of the birthing patterns observed in the wild. [11] No fossils of these earlier forms have been found in the Old World, indicating that North America was the original home of camelids, and that Old World camels crossed over via the Bering Land Bridge. Cancel « Prev. ILA Educational Brochure No. If you always showing bad face and beating, how can you develop friendship? In 1573 Altan Khan took some Tibetan Buddhist monks prisoner. Search by Keyword or Citation. Camel-like animals have been traced from the thoroughly differentiated, modern species back through early Miocene forms. When using a pack, they can carry about 25 to 30% of their body weight for 8 to 13 km (5–8 miles). Lama vicugna), guanaco (Lama guanicoe), Suri alpaca, and Huacaya alpaca (Vicugna pacos, prev. yes you can find lamas in other places such as america but they are most common in south america, peru. AA Hamiyanti, A Achmanu, M Muharlien, AP Putra. [52] The causes of its extinction are not clear[52] but it is known that the introduction of sheep caused some competition among both domestic species. Daniel W. Gade, Nature and culture in the Andes, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1999, p. 104, Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, ", Sheri Amsel (13 November 2017) "Llama Thoracic & Abdominal Organs", CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. However, the lack of any end market for the animals resulted in a crash in both llama prices and the number of llamas; the Great Recession further dried up investment capital, and the number of llamas in the US began to decline as fewer animals were bred and older animals died of old age. Like other lamoids, alpacas are slender-bodied animals with a long neck and legs, a short tail, a small head, and large, pointed ears. The nasal bones are shorter and broader, and are joined by the premaxilla. [34][35] They are used most commonly in the western regions of the United States, where larger predators, such as coyotes and feral dogs, are prevalent. The pieces I am, she gather them and give them back to me in all the right order. The tail is short, and fibre is long, woolly and soft. The large intestine's role in digestion is to reabsorb water, vitamins and electrolytes from food waste that is passing through it. This is a major advantage in arid climates where they live. 10: 2012: Enhancement of Student’s Critical Thinking Skill through Science Context-based Inquiry Learning. In some cases, stable independent VH domains have been also isolated in mouse and human recombinant antibody repertoires. The wool of llamas is a valuable commodity. When correctly reared, llamas spitting at a human is a rare thing. They will often hum to each other as a form of communication. [8] DNA analysis has confirmed that the guanaco is the wild ancestor of the llama, while the vicuña is the wild ancestor of the alpaca; the latter two were placed in the genus Vicugna. [44], The Inca deity Urcuchillay was depicted in the form of a multicolored llama. 2019 - Découvrez le tableau "Le dalai lama" de Jeangrolman sur Pinterest. In the Inca Empire, llamas were the only beasts of burden, and many of the people dominated by the Inca had long traditions of llama herding. most lamas live in the mountains and grasslands. [22], The gestation period of a llama is 11.5 months (350 days). Lay this unto your breast: Old friends, like old swords, still are trusted best. Craig. Pour chaque citation, la source est donnée. She gather me, man. She is helpless in our cruel hands and vulnerable to our vicious greed. They are then separated and re-mated every other day until one or the other refuses the mating. [42] The Moche culture of pre-Columbian Peru depicted llamas quite realistically in their ceramics. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llama&oldid=1002529510, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009, Articles lacking reliable references from December 2019, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2010, Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Taxonbars with automatically added original combinations, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 January 2021, at 21:49. Their wool is very soft and lanolin-free. What happened? [2] As of 2007, there were over seven million llamas and alpacas in South America and over 158,000 llamas and 100,000 alpacas, descended from progenitors imported late in the 20th century, in the United States and Canada. [19] Through the act of mating, the female releases an egg and is often fertilized on the first attempt. [54] Both the price and number of llamas in the US climbed rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. She is a friend of mind. This is the easiest method in terms of labor, but the least useful in terms of prediction of a likely birth date. It's good, you know, when you got a woman who is a friend of your mind. Some would even use them to guard their smaller cousins, the alpaca. Llama-like animals would have been a common sight 25,000 years ago, in modern-day California, Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Missouri, and Florida. Many are also descended from ancestors that have previously been domesticated, a state that tends to produce a certain amount of variation from the original type. A true friend is someone who is there for you when he'd rather be anywhere else. BrainyQuote has been providing inspirational quotes since 2001 to our worldwide community. Guanacos are one of two wild South American camelids, the other being the Vicuña, which lives at higher elevations. LAMA is an association dedicated to advancing the quality of management and care of laboratory animals throughout the world. [30], Llamas have started showing up in nursing homes and hospitals as certified therapy animals. Although not every llama is suited to the job, most are a viable, nonlethal alternative for reducing predation, requiring no training and little care. [53] The decline of hueques reached a point in the late 18th century when only the Mapuche from Mariquina and Huequén next to Angol raised the animal. Usually, one can get in two matings using this method, though some stud males routinely refuse to mate a female more than once. Verified email at swansea.ac.uk. Dentition of adults:-incisors 1/3 canines 1/1, premolars 2/2, molars 3/2; total 32. Unhappy or agitated llamas will lay their ears back, while ears being perked upwards is a sign of happiness or curiosity. 2. bleak and elevated parts of the mountain range, "Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca", "Evolutionary Transitions in the Fossil Record of Terrestrial Hoofed Mammals", https://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Llama-Thoracic-and-Abdonimal-Organs-Right-View, "Semen-induced ovulation in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus)", "Do you know what's happening to your clothing donations?". ... Lama Qasem. While the social structure might always be changing, they live as a family and they do take care of each other. [51], In Chile hueque populations declined towards extinction in the 16th and 17th century being replaced by European livestock. The fiber comes in many different colors ranging from white or grey to reddish-brown, brown, dark brown and black. Female llamas are induced ovulators. Birth is usually quick and problem-free, over in less than 30 minutes. The llama is a South American relative of the camel, though the llama does not have a hump. The major determining factors include feed cost, availability, nutrient balance and energy density required. 25 août 2020 - Découvrez le tableau "urentia terra" de Maitreyakaï Kartikeyaï Cristal sur Pinterest. The Mayo Clinic says animal-assisted therapy can reduce pain, depression, anxiety, and fatigue. [53], Llamas were first imported into the US in the late 1800s as zoo exhibits. [23], A cria (from Spanish for "baby") is the name for a baby llama, alpaca, vicuña, or guanaco. Multiple males tend to bond with one another, rather than with the livestock, and may ignore the flock. Bonjour, on se retrouve pour une chouette compilation de citations.Et puisque vous êtes sur positivia, le bonheur et la motivation seront de sortie!. At birth, a baby llama (called a cria) can weigh between 9 and 14 kg (20 and 31 lb). [18], Llamas have an unusual reproductive cycle for a large animal. Looking for the definition of LAMA? Meanwhile, North American camelids died out at the end of the Pleistocene. Citations lama. [citation needed], The 19th-century discoveries of a vast and previously unexpected extinct Paleogene fauna of North America, as interpreted by paleontologists Joseph Leidy, Edward Drinker Cope, and Othniel Charles Marsh, aided understanding of the early history of this family. The ears are rather long and slightly curved inward, characteristically known as "banana" shaped. [17] They have a complex stomach with several compartments that allows them to consume lower quality, high cellulose foods. This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. This may increase cria survival by reducing fatalities due to hypothermia during cold Andean nights. [28], Llamas that are well-socialized and trained to halter and lead after weaning are very friendly and pleasant to be around. [37] Scientists have been studying the way llamas might contribute to the fight against coronaviruses, including MERS and SARS-CoV-2 (which causes COVID-19). The sound is reminiscent of gargling, but with a more forceful, buzzing edge. Llamas are very social animals and live with others as a herd.Their wool is very soft and lanolin-free.Llamas can learn simple tasks after a few repetitions. Fossil-treasures-of-florida.com, 2007. However, we have come to realize that VHs were selected with a higher efficiency than VHHs during biopanning of a pre-immune (VHH) library. Rather, they will nuzzle and hum to their newborns. The friend in my adversity I shall always cherish most. 11-15. doi: 10.1007/s11250-011-9891-4 APA Correa, L., Zapata, B., & Soto-Gamboa, M. (2012). Next to these is a curved, suberect canine, followed after an interval by an isolated minute and often deciduous simple conical premolar; then a contiguous series of one premolar and three molars, which differ from those of Camelus in having a small accessory column at the anterior outer edge. Lama guanicoe pacos), and the domestic llama (Lama glama). Camel LLama Fossils. PhD, Swansea University. They were included in the genus Camelus along with alpaca in the Systema Naturae (1758) of Carl Linnaeus. 'Library Administration and Management Association' is one option -- get in to view more @ The Web's largest and most authoritative acronyms and abbreviations resource. Tropical animal health and production, v. 44,.1 pp. Llamas are very social herd animals, however, and do sometimes spit at each other as a way of disciplining lower-ranked llamas in the herd. This type of therapy is growing in popularity, and there are several organizations throughout the United States that participate. 2019 - Découvrez le tableau "Le dalai lama" de Jeangrolman sur Pinterest. [4], In Aymara mythology llamas are important beings. The llama, as well as other animals, such as wild cervids and domestic small ruminants, is an aberrant host of this parasite, while the white-tailed deer is the normal host. Tracks can sometimes reveal further clues to behavior. Llamas have a typical camel-like body shape, but they lack the humps of the Bactrian and dromedary camel. The four forms commonly distinguished by the inhabitants of South America are recognized as distinct species, though with difficulties in defining their distinctive characteristics. They mate for an extended time (20–45 minutes), also unusual in a large animal. 11: 2014: The more irritated the llama is, the further back into each of the three stomach compartments it will try to draw materials from for its spit. They certainly differ from each other, the vicuña being smaller, more slender in its proportions, and having a shorter head than the guanaco. Car vois-tu bien, mon bon lama, c’est pour moi une question d’honneur que d’observer envers l’antisémitisme une attitude absolument nette et sans équivoque, savoir : celle de l’opposition, comme je le fais dans mes écrits […]. She might not be able to tell us but she can express it through her eyes and expressions. If the mating is not successful within two to three weeks, the female is mated again. For the Inca nobility, the llama was of symbolic significance, and llama figures were often buried with the dead. ID Pursitasari, E Suhardi, AP Putra, I Rachman . Involvement and Affiliations: 14th Dalai Lama, Head of state and the spiritual leader of Tibet (in exile since 1959) Order of the White Lotus, Republic of Kalmykia, Russian Federation, Kalmykia, Dec. 10, 2006; Doctor Honoris Causa, University of Rome 3, Rome, Italy, October 14, 2006 TOP 10 des citations animaux (de célébrités, de films ou d'internautes) et proverbes animaux classés par auteur, thématique, nationalité et par culture. A la fois compagnon fidèle et câlin mais aussi partenaire utile pour la protection de ses biens et de sa personne, il a une place à part parmi les animaux domestiqués. Alpacas are descended from wild vicuna ancestors, while domesticated llamas are descended from wild guanaco ancestors, though a considerable amount of hybridization between the two species has occurred. View all Google Scholar citations for this article. Dalai Lama in a letter to Asiaweek, 1985. Using llamas as guards has reduced the losses to predators for many producers. The Tylopoda have more or less affinity to each of the sister taxa, standing in some respects in a middle position between them, sharing some characteristics from each, but in others showing special modifications not found in any of the other taxa. Citation & proverbe ANIMAUX - 320 citations et proverbes animaux Citations animaux Sélection de 320 citations et proverbes sur le thème animaux Découvrez un dicton, une parole, un bon mot, un proverbe, une citation ou phrase animaux issus de livres, discours ou entretiens. Let us be kind to animals. Please help improve this article by introducing appropriate citations of additional sources. If you always showing bad face and beating, how can you develop friendship?" [36][better source needed], Doctors and researches have determined that llamas possess antibodies that are well suited to treat certain diseases. However, llamas that are bottle-fed or over-socialized and over-handled as youth will become extremely difficult to handle when mature, when they will begin to treat humans as they treat each other, which is characterized by bouts of spitting, kicking and neck wrestling. "Camel Llama Fossils." Voir plus d'idées sur le thème citation dalai lama, citations bouddhistes, art buddha. [55] A similar speculative bubble was experienced with the closely related alpaca, which burst shortly after the llama bubble.[56][57]. [citation needed] Llamas were not always confined to South America; abundant llama-like remains were found in Pleistocene deposits in the Rocky Mountains and in Central America. (1995). This parasite does not cause clinical disease in white-tailed deer, but in the llama it causes high morbidity and mortality. Using llamas as livestock guards in North America began in the early 1980s, and some sheep producers have used llamas successfully since then. Alpacas tend to have a more consistent color throughout the body. A male and female llama are put into the same pen and mating is monitored. [20], Like humans, llama males and females mature sexually at different rates. M3 - Book. Aside from their value as wool producers, llamas are used by farmers to reduce predation of sheep, goats, and hens. 48, Issue. For field mating, a female is turned out into a field with a male llama and left there for some period of time. Giving an animal is like giving someone a small business, providing wool, milk, eggs and more. [49] Gregory de Bolivar estimated that in his day, as many as 300,000 were employed in the transport of produce from the Potosí mines alone, but since the introduction of horses, mules, and donkeys, the importance of the llama as a beast of burden has greatly diminished. Differential characteristics between llamas and alpacas include the llama's larger size, longer head, and curved ears. [21], Llamas mate with in a kush (lying down) position, which is fairly unusual in a large animal. When using a pack, they can carry about 25 to 30% of their body weight for 8 to 13 km (5–8 miles). The llama (/ˈlɑːmə/; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈʎama]) (Lama glama) is a domesticated South American camelid, widely used as a meat and pack animal by Andean cultures since the Pre-Columbian era. The most apparent visual difference between llamas and camels is that camels have a hump or humps and llamas do not. The llama and alpaca are only known in the domestic state, and are variable in size and of many colors, being often white, brown, or piebald. Some llamas appear to bond more quickly to sheep or goats if they are introduced just prior to lambing. Pengaruh jumlah telur terhadap bobot telur, lama mengeram, fertilitas serta daya tetas telur burung Kenari. Small Ruminant Research, Vol. Rojo the Llama, located in the Pacific Northwest was certified in 2008. The Tylopoda consist of a single family, the Camelidae, and shares the order Artiodactyla with the Suina (pigs), the Tragulina (chevrotains), the Pecora (ruminants), and the Whippomorpha (hippos and cetaceans, which belong to Artiodactyla from a cladistic, if not traditional, standpoint). Anthony Douglas Williams. [53] Anecdotal evidence of the mid-17th century show that both species coexisted but suggests that there were many more sheep than hueques. Ruminants have four compartments (cows, sheep, goats), whereas llamas have only three stomach compartments: the rumen, omasum, and abomasum. Alpaca fiber is generally more expensive, but not always more valuable. Its name comes from the Quechua word huanaco (modern spelling wanaku). The Moche people frequently placed llamas and llama parts in the burials of important people, as offerings or provisions for the afterlife. An "orgle" is the mating sound of a llama or alpaca, made by the sexually aroused male. 120, Issue. Friends are the siblings God never gave us. Independent variable domains with VH hallmarks have been repeatedly identified in immune and pre-immune VHH libraries. The skull generally resembles that of Camelus, the larger brain-cavity and orbits and less-developed cranial ridges being due to its smaller size. The Show: Episode Two", "Guns, Germs & Steel. The feet are narrow, the toes being more separated than in the camels, each having a distinct plantar pad. [5], Lamoids, or llamas (as they are more generally known as a group), consist of the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna, prev. The story of ... Llamas", "Características biológicas y productivas de los camélidos sudamericanos", "Efectos ambientales de la colonización española desde el río Maullín al archipiélago de Chiloé, sur de Chile", "Agriculture census finds that llamas are disappearing. Find out what is the full meaning of LAMA on Abbreviations.com! ... “ Llama ” means a South American camelid which is an animal of the genus lama, commonly referred to as a “one llama,” including llamas, alpacas, guanacos, and vicunas. Since direct observation of a fossil animal's behavior isn't possible, paleontologists use comparison and contrast with living animals for guidance. One may determine how agitated the llama is by the materials in the spit. A real friend is one who walks in when the rest of the world walks out. The value of the livestock saved each year more than exceeds the purchase cost and annual maintenance of a llama. In the 1970s, interest in llamas as livestock began to grow, and the number of llamas increased as farmers bred and produced an increasing number of animals. Typically, a single gelding (castrated male) is used. Les animaux relèvent de l'homme, et l'homme ne relève que de Dieu. The separation presumably helps to keep the sperm count high for each mating and also helps to keep the condition of the female llama's reproductive tract more sound. CrossRef; Google Scholar; Google Scholar Citations. A gelded male of two years of age bonds closely with its new charges and is instinctively very effective in preventing predation. The wild form, the Guanaco ( Lama guanicoe or Lama guanicoe guanicoe ) can not be a subspecies of Lama glama , as has erroneously been stated in Mammal Species of the World (v3, 2005) link : (in error) and in ITIS link : (in error) ( … [45], Carl Troll has argued that the large numbers of llamas found in the southern Peruvian highlands were an important factor in the rise of the Inca Empire. If one notices a strange noise or feels threatened, an alarm call - a loud, shrill sound which rhythmically rises and falls - is sent out and all others become alert. They can always move up or down in the social ladder by picking small fights. Pack Animals These sturdy creatures are domestic animals used by the peoples of the Andes Mountains. [3], The ancestors of Llamas are thought to have originated from the central plains of North America about 40 million years ago, and subsequently migrated to South America about three million years ago during the Great American Interchange. "Guard Llamas." Llama, (Lama glama), South American member of the camel family, Camelidae (order Artiodactyla), closely related to the alpaca, guanaco, and vicuña, which are known collectively as lamoids. The following characteristics apply especially to llamas. Crias are up and standing, walking and attempting to suckle within the first hour after birth. [38][39], Scholar Alex Chepstow-Lusty has argued that the switch from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to widespread agriculture was only possible because of the use of llama dung as fertilizer.[41]. Most births take place between 8 am and noon, during the warmer daylight hours. (June 2020) A Llama (Lama glama) is a mammal of the Camelidae family. Young, actively growing llamas require a greater concentration of nutrients than mature animals because of their smaller digestive tract capacities. An animal is as loving, caring, and kind to her children as we are. E #247 Wayzata, MN 55391 Phone: (763) 235-6465 info@lama-online.org ‪Red Panda Network‬ - ‪Cited by 90‬ - ‪Conservation Biology‬ - ‪Ecology‬ - ‪Animal Behavior‬ - ‪Animal-Human Interaction‬ - ‪Wildlife Trade‬ [31]. Web. Guanaco (Lama guanicoe) (from Quechua "Wanaku", via Spanish)[citation needed] is a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama. Some are grey or black. By the end of the last ice age (10,000–12,000 years ago), camelids were extinct in North America. The length of the llama's colon allows it to survive on much less water than other animals. With little market for llama fiber or meat in the US, and the value of guard llamas limited, the primary value in llamas was in breeding more animals, a classic sign of a speculative bubble in agriculture. Guanacos and vicuñas live in the wild, while llamas and alpacas exist only as domesticated animals. 2013. In South America, llamas are still used as beasts of burden, as well as for the production of fiber and meat. International Llama Association. [7] They were, however, separated by Georges Cuvier in 1800 under the name of lama along with the guanaco. [43] The sound of the llama making groaning noises or going "mwa" (/mwaʰ/) is often a sign of fear or anger. Its manners very much resemble those of the chamois of the European Alps; it is as vigilant, wild, and timid. In the upper jaw, a compressed, sharp, pointed laniariform incisor near the hinder edge of the premaxilla is followed in the male at least by a moderate-sized, pointed, curved true canine in the anterior part of the maxilla. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama three million years ago allowed camelids to spread to South America as part of the Great American Interchange, where they evolved further. 16 Apr. Laboratory Animal Management Association 1161 Wayzata Blvd. Males begin the sound when they become aroused and continue throughout the act of procreation – from 15 minutes to more than an hour.[32][33]. The Heavenly Llama is said to drink water from the ocean and urinates as it rains. Hand mating is the most efficient method, but requires the most work on the part of the human involved. [47] The link between the Andean biomes of puna and páramo, llama pastoralism and the Inca state is a matter of research. The animals are sheared every 2 years, which yields approximately 6 lbs (3 kg) of fleece. Tous les animaux sont nés avec l'innocence, la curiosité et l'amour. [12], A full-grown llama can reach a height of 1.7 to 1.8 m (5 ft 7 in to 5 ft 11 in) at the top of the head, and can weigh between 130 and 200 kg (290 and 440 lb). this is primarily in south america in mainly peru. Options for feeding llamas are quite wide; a wide variety of commercial and farm-based feeds are available. Alpaca, South American member of the camel family, Camelidae, that is closely related to the llama, guanaco, and vicuna, which are known collectively as lamoids. She feels joy and happiness. One common pattern is reddish-brown fur with … In essential structural characteristics, as well as in general appearance and habits, all the animals of this genus very closely resemble each other, so whether they should be considered as belonging to one, two, or more species is a matter of controversy among naturalists. "Guard Llamas: An Alternative for Effective Predator Management", "Hoping Llamas Will Become Coronavirus Heroes", "Here's How Llamas Could Help Scientists Get Closer to Stopping the Coronavirus Pandemic", BBC News – Inca success in Peruvian Andes 'thanks to llama dung', "Information Resources on the South American Camelids: Llamas, Alpacas, Guanacos, and Vicunas 1943–2006", "Guns, Germs & Steel.

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