He sent a $5,000 sponsorship for the affair because he loves the Old South: "They created a society far and above anything else on Earth." Francis would go on to acquire the other pieces from his family members over the coming years (, 1905 Francis died and his wife Kate continued to farm Mullet Hall using Dill, Ball Company to manage the property (, 1923 By this time Kate Legare had conveyed portions of Mullet Hall and acquired other properties. Thatsjust prior to Limehouses son soon-to-be former S.C. Rep. Chip Limehouse getting served with divorce papers from his wife, Susan Limehouse. Most of the seats in an auditorium that holds more than 2,700 were empty. That Middleton Place, like more and more plantation museums, has a separate tour to speak about the lives of African Americans who lived on the property, represents a step forward and a point of contention. I really appreciate you sharing such an interesting article with us. "It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Posts tagged 'Limehouse an Escaped Slave', South-Carolina and American General Gazette, Slavery Advertisements Published March 3, 1773, Slavery Advertisements Published March 2, 1773, Slavery Advertisements Published March 1, 1773, Slavery Advertisements Published February 27, 1773. The two tracts covering Hilton Head Plantation and . F.B. peterbilt 379 hood roller bracket. He got free from this system at the age of 33 but continued to work on the plantation. And the market for plantation weddings is high. Reminders of secession are everywhere. She appears to be correct in that case, given her business ventures and Southern Charm appearances. But the only city known to have implemented a rigid and formal regulatory system is Charleston. The house was dismantled in 1932. Executors of the estate of Robert Ilderton. Read more: Cameran Eubanks from Southern Charm Stands Up For Eliza Limehouse. St. James Parish, plantation and 32 slaves, 1839 folder 17 New Orleans auction, 1841 folder 18 Washington Parish, Palestine Plantation, 1842 folder 19 West Baton Rouge Parish, plantation and 72 slaves, 1844 folder 20 West Baton Rouge Parish, plantation and 13 slaves, 1846 folder 21 St. Bernard Parish, plantation and 15 slaves, 1848 folder 23 . 52 Baptisms and Christenings were special occasions as well. Myers, and on the west on the road leading from Summerville. Speaking to the Guardian at the former South Carolina plantation of Middleton Place, Bernard Powers, the director of the College of Charlestons Center for the Study of Slavery, explained the importance of understanding the scope of life at these sites. Slaves from West Africa were first brought over to grow rice. limehouse plantation slaves. Fugitive Slaves In Slave Torture Devices, Slave Tortures: The Mask, Scold's Bridle, or Brank, BRAWLEY, BENJAMIN; "A Social History of the American Negro", Charter of the Dutch West India Company : 1621, CLARKSON, THOMAS; "An Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, Particularly the African", DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "Collected Articles of Frederick Douglass", DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "Fourth of July Speech", DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "My Bondage and My Freedom ", DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass", DOUGLASS, FREDRICK; "Speech on the Dred Scott Decision", DUBOIS, W.E.B. 2. In those days it was common for slaves to take the names of their masters. Guests picked at ham and biscuits while a string band with a defiant name - Un-Reconstructed - played waltzes and the Virginia reel. Inheritance of land in Collins Township, Dorchester, SC to F.B. . Stonefa Click here to return to the US Slave Home Page. Mead and A.N. Print culture played an important role in creating a sense of a common cause for many colonists. The plantation was located in what is now the state of Virginia, in the United States. Executors of the estate of Robert Ilderton. When Isaac was born, Limerick plantation, thirty miles north of Charleston, was the largest of the Ball plantations, measuring 4,564 acres. Information contributed by Ramona L Grimsley, Digital Projects Librarian for Berkeley County Library, from an article in the. The rest of the slaves in the County were held by a total of 299 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. For some Americans, the word "plantation" brings to mind the horrors of slavery and the white landowners who made it possible. The study found that although plantation tours have improved in how often they speak about the African American experience, there is much room to do better. Inheritance of land in Collins Township, Dorchester, SC to Amelia M. Blake defined. Why not put cameras on it? she asked according to People. Long before our era the cowry shell was known as an instrument of payment and a symbol of wealth and power. Born as a slave in North Carolina in 1822, McGruder was emancipated after the Civil War. Within each return the slaves were . Its 250 years ago today that two Negro Boys named Guy and Limehouse read an advertisement in a colonial American newspaper. Also land situated in Dorchester Township, Colleton County, SC containing 500 acres. In 2018, Charleston, where 40% of Africans were brought first before being sold, became one of several cities to formally apologize for slavery. She has similar interests to other cast members like playing polo and her family name is well known. ", Thomson, the tour guide, chimed in, parsing the debate. Limehouse known as Walnut Hill. Buildings Slave cabins - ? A look INSIDE of an African Slaves House in South Carolina Yenko Africa 10K subscribers 638K views 2 years ago Connecting the continent of Africa and Africans with their history in America.. The plantation had its own dock on the Ashley River where ships could come to load and unload cargo. Francis Y. Legare acquired most of Home Place and it was once again made part of Mullet Hall Plantation. He was descended from the Household of the King of England. The colonial press chronicled all of these efforts, contributing to the creation of an imagined community from New England to Georgia. Ilderton. How To Add Oil To Your Murray Lawn Mower For Optimal Performance, The Benefits Of Using Liquid Fertilizer After Mowing Your Lawn, Troubleshooting Your Riding Lawn Mower: Identifying And Resolving Common Issues, How To Determine The Correct Amount Of Oil To Fill Your Toro Lawn Mower After A Change, How To Troubleshoot And Repair Your Cub Cadet Riding Lawn Mower, How To Minimize The Risk Of Blowback When Using A Riding Lawn Mower. [10] To the East on lands of Robert I. Limehouse known as Vanderfipp and on the west on lands of Josh H. Wharring and James Perry and lands formerly of the estate of T.R. (Executors) to Susie A. Martin. These cramped slave quarters are part of the 37-acre McLeod Plantation Historic Site in Charleston, South Carolina. The main display inside the cottage includes the names and prices of the 2,800 individuals the Middleton family owned from 1738 to 1865, boiled down to their name, skillset and price: Quash, $50; Toney, blacksmith, $600; Old Hannah, $200. This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 16:22. The Limehouse Plantation includes a whopping 1,561 acres of land, six miles of Ashepoo River shorefront,a Georgian style mansionand six outbuildings. 1. is specialized diverge tubeless ready? Free blacks owned slaves in Boston by 1724 and in Connecticut by 1783; by 1790, 48 . We already have a huge family, were from here, weve been in business, politics, we have so much chaos, its not much different adding reality TV to the already chaotic family, she told Entertainment Tonight. They got to talking about their bloodlines, and the man mentioned the name of the signer: Artemus Darby. DuBois. Many historians address the tension between liberty and enslavement in the era of the American Revolution, both in projects intended mainly for their colleagues in the academy and projects intended to engage the general public. Philip Smith constructed a house with river views (, 1787 Philip Smith died and his wife Elizabeth had preceded him in death. Have you taken a DNA test? Transfer of deed to a tract of land, part of the estate of Robert Ilderton, in Collins Township, Dorchester County, SC. Westwardly on lands of the Est. urchinTracker(); South-Carolina-Plantations.com Mullet Hall Plantation, Johns Island, Charleston County, SC, Mullet Hall Plantation Avenue of Oaks , Origin of name One piece of the property that was combined to make Mullet Hall Plantation had been known as the "Mullet" tract as it had been owned by Thomas Mullet (, Current status Owned by the Kiawah River Plantation, LP which plans to extensively develop the property, 1698 Earliest known date of existence (, 1788 James Legare purchased the 233 acre plantation from Peter Herne (, 1792 James Legare purchased at auction an adjoining 374.5 acres that had previously belonged to Alexander McGillivray (, 1794 James Legare considerably increased the size of his plantation by purchasing the 597 acre Mullet tract. Number of acres 233 in 1788; 607.5 in 1792; 1,204.5 in 1794; 1,936 in 1824; 1,790 in early 1900s; 1,675 acres in 1923; 2,207 in 1994 (, Primary crop Cotton and vegetables historically; cattle in 1950s (, Number of slaves 132 in 1824; 126 in 1851; 110 in 1860 (. When Lincoln's name was mentioned at the Secession Ball's theatrical performance, a reenactment of South Carolina's secession convention that drew from historical documents, the actors hissed. Signed by Victora Ilderton. Answer (1 of 7): It was very nearly universal. Bounding northeastwardly on the Beech Hill Road, east on lands now belonging to R.I. Limehouse, north on lands belonging to Trenholm known as Westho, and lands belonging to J.H. It only takes a moment for a group of mostly white tourists to lift their cellphones and snap photos. On an old wharf where slave ships were unloaded, the city is also planning to open the International African American Museum. McConnell gets a kick out of reenacting battles and is known for firing his personal cannon, dubbed "Big Ray.". Descendants of slave owners, slaves and freed slaves listen to a history of the plantation. Eliza's House is a Reconstruction-era African American freedman's dwelling containing a permanent exhibit on slavery entitled Beyond the Fields. The banjo is a product of Africa. The plantation also had its own mill and sawmill. John D. Warren purchased the property at this time (, 1872 After the auction, Emma N. Farmer Price Sanders, Maria Farmer's daughter, filed suit to reclaim the property. This information gap has also been highlighted by an initiative called Reset led by geographers, historians and other researchers to study inequality in the US tourism industry. Navigation Menu Slavery would continue for nearly another 10 years. The focal point of the exhibit is a panel with the . Without them, we wouldn't have made budget. I think it is our responsibility to try and meet all those expectations, Neale said. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of South Carolina that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, listed on a heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. A favorite citation of the crowd at the ball comes from Charles Dickens. Transfer of deed to a tract of land, part of the estate of Robert Ilderton, in Collins Township, Dorchester County, SC. About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. Colonial legislatures passed resolutions asserting the rights of American and submitted petitions encouraging Parliament to reconsider. The slave quarters at Trevor Hill, a former plantation two miles west of Waterford, are significant because they are a pair, very few of which remain. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses (otherwise known as concentration or forced labor camps) in the United States of America that are national memorials, National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places or other heritage register, or are otherwise significant for their history, association with significant events or people, or their architecture and design. Plantation Life. War in the form of learning to read and write when you were forbidden from doing so, or sabotaging the rice fields because you knew how they worked better than your boss. 7. It is believe a house had been on the property during the Matthews ownership (, 1830 Mullet Hall was divided between two of his children at the time of James Legare's death. Ilderton to William Ilderton. Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. This site is for educational purposes. Maria Harley married Colonel Thomas Limehouse of Summerville, S.C. an extensive planter and slave owner, ran a large plantation called the Oxford Plantation below Summerville, S.C. His father came over from England at the age of ten years. A couple walks through the grounds of the Boone Hall Plantation in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina. Airy Hall was returned to Maria Farmer and recorded with its antebellum boundaries (, 1906 The plantation remained in the family until this year when the E.P. Outside Charleston's bulky concrete municipal auditorium, on an unseasonably chilly Southern night, some of the men and women in a crowd of about 100 were thinking about their own ancestors: slaves who picked the cotton for the forebears and allies of the men and women inside. Should I Form A Corporation For My Lawn Mowing Company? Sugar cane plantations, for example, had thrived around the Mediterranean in the late Middle Ages, supplying an expensive sweetener for Europe's lites. F.B. Darby said that the day before the ball, he ran into a white man whose ancestor was one of the signers of the secession ordinance; the man was "distressed" about the ball and had no plans to attend. When the Horlbeck family bought the plantation in 1817, they opened up a brickyard and began producing bricks using the clay from the nearby Wampacheone Creek. In fact, at the turn of the 18 th century, Marie Therese was one of the richest ladies in Louisiana. Her own family is also pretty well known in the South Carolina city and has a lot of money. Lincoln and the North were responsible for "vulgar tyranny," the actors said. From the outset, our guide Courtney makes it clear to the group, which. It is assumed she agreed to a foreclosure of Mullet Hall. Naomie Olindo moved to Charleston after discovering that her boyfriend had cheated on her. You can try to dialing this number: +1 912-232-7212. In 1816, John and Henry Horlbeck, brothers who were well-known architects and builders in Charleston, purchased the Boone Hall Plantation. This article was amended on 21 August 2019. At a plantation once owned by James Monroe, America's fifth president, descendants of slaves owned by Monroe have become part of the story for the first time in 225 years. But that is not often happening.. Ilderton et al. Executors of the estate of Robert Ilderton. Compare and book now! Ildertons wife, Victoria E. Ilderton signed in his place. Ilderton et al. (source: From Black Banjo Gathering this article "About the Banjo," written by Tony Thomas discusses the banjo and American folk music. Executors of the estate of Robert Ilderton. It is, however, a testament to the communitys resilience and strength. According to the Ball Family Slaveholder Index, family members owned and operated more than twenty rice plantations in the Lowcountry between 1698 and 1865, and enslaved nearly 4,000 African Americans. 1501-1866 Portugal transported 5,848,265 people from Africa to the Americas. To commemorate Independence Day, we should recognize the courage and conviction of enslaved people who risked everything to achieve freedom. This monetary usage continued until the 20th century. F.B. ; "Critiques Booker T. Washington", DUBOIS, W.E.B. The other is Whitney plantation near New Orleans. The first visual cue that slavery could be coming to an end (or at least the sale of slaves) was in 1856. The stubborn inside-outside faceoff that throttled this jewel of a Southern city on Monday night hints at dramas to come, an unending series of Civil War anniversaries stretching from secession and the firing on Fort Sumter to the laying down of arms at Appomattox. American colonists engaged in a variety of resistance activities in response to new legislation passed by Parliament with the intention of better regulating the vast British Empire in the years after the Seven Years War concluded. Tract of land in Dorchester County, part of the estate of Robert Ilderton, known as Oakponds Plantation, to be transferred from William Ilderton to EG Ilderton and his wife Victora Ilderton, for the duration of his life. Still, their determination to free themselves demonstrates that the spirit of liberty was not confined to white colonists aggrieved over the actions of Parliament. Thomas Stanyarne received a grant for 100 acres on Johns Island on November 14 (6, p. 8). Limehouse raised cattle on the property. ", Chip, a parking company owner who represents Berkeley and Charleston counties in the South Carolina House of Representatives, grinned when the subject of the protests came up. Im already used to locally having to deal with chaos. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. The grave of Cornelius Hawkins, one of 272 slaves . Son of Prong. does it snow in ohio in january. Their intricate uniforms, with brass buttons and braid-draped epaulets, can cost upward of $1,000 each. His wife Eliza had died in 1847 and he had purchased the plantation from her estate. 27 May 1902 Also known as Beechwood Hall. But for many others, it is a symbol of refined living and hospitality remnants of a more genteel time. The plantation was a self-sufficient community with its own blacksmith, doctor, and school. Evangeline Wayne is seated near the center, in a cream-colored coat. Ilderton defined. The plantation was owned by Mr. and Mrs. Harry "Buck" Bancroft Limehouse back in 1995 and has seemingly stayed in the family since according to South Carlina Plantations. This is an article about Click Per Second I would like to share with you. Executors of the estate of Robert Ilderton. The trade with Africans was so vital that some of the beads were made specifically for Africans. Airy Hall which property records indicate has been in the Limehouse family for at least two decades was listed for sale in late March of this year. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Brown Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed byFabrice Monteiro "Brown. He was descended from the Household of the King of England. L > Limehouse | I > Ilderton > Robert Ilderton (Limehouse) Ilderton, WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. RUN away two Negro Boys named GUY and LIMEHOUSE.. A collection of antiques, French and English furniture, architectural and wrought iron pieces,. White colonists, on the other hand, fought for the right to freedom from figurative enslavement. It appears that Dill, Ball Company held the mortgage issued to Hollins. What is the phone number of Limehouse Plantation? Land purchased by Thomas Limehouse from Mrs. Ellen Aris. Her parents, Chip and Susan Limehouse had a messy divorce in 2016. Thank you. Bounded on NW and S by lands of Henry H. Middleton, Esq, commonly known as Muringlore (sp?) Funeral Notices:[7] Slavery in the United States existed from the period of Colonial America in the early 17th century until the events of the American Civil War, which lasted from 1861 until 1865.Throughout this timeframe, many slaves were brought from Africa to the territory of the United States via the Atlantic Slave Trade.The Atlantic Slave Trade began in the 16th century, reached its peak in the 18th century . October 21, 2021 at 6:00 a.m. EDT. In 1732, a man named John Colleton built a plantation along the Ashley River in South Carolina and named it Limehouse Plantation. But his status as a paragon of wholesome adventure is under threat, thanks to a court bid to ban one of his books, Tintin in the Congo, for its racist portrayal of Africans. During the slavery era, the 300-acre plantation was owned by a father and then a son, both named Sanford Ramey. Badge laws existed in several Southern cities, urban centers such as Mobile and New Orleans, Savannah and Norfolk; the practice of hiring out slaves was common in both the rural and urban South. The term plantation arose as settlements in the southern United States, originally linked with colonial expansion, came to revolve around the production of agriculture. Who was the subject of an advertisement in a colonial American newspaper 250 years ago today? Inheritance of land in Collins Township, Dorchester, SC to F.B. In addition to the stories of Guy and Limehouse, learn more about Caesar, advertised in the Providence Gazette on July 4, 1767, and Harry, advertised in the Pennsylvania Chronicle on July 4, 1768. Erin Blakemore. 1501-1866 Spain transported 1,061,524 Africans to the Americas. Executors of the estate of Robert Ilderton. 1501-1866 France transported 1,381,404 Africans to America. Maria & Thomas Limehouse had two children: Robert and Elizabeth. This section would be called Home Place (, 1850 James C. W. Legare died leaving Mullet Hall to his wife Lydia Ball Bryan Legare and their children (, 1868 Lydia passed away willing the plantation to her four children. of T.R. Lot in the Town of Summerville, Dorchester County, SC. (Executors) to F.B. Of interest? In the years before Isaac's birth, some three hundred. Information contributed by Karen Bacot from. In 1860, Albert Carroll Jones held 43 African-descended individuals in slavery, varying in age from 3 months to 65 years. On the docent-led tour at McLeod, the guide explained the challenges the newly freed slaves faced after the civil war, while winding through their work sites and cabins. Ilderton et al. By the time of his death in 1845, he owned 150 slaves. Manucy purchased the plantation for approximately $200,000 from Mrs. Robert G. Elbert. It is important to remember the Ball familys slaveholding legacy, but it is also important to remember that it served as a warning to future generations about the dangers of power and wealth. Want to book a hotel in Georgia? In these memorials to southern splendor, much of the history being told is devoid of the atrocities of slavery. And a rich woman with slaves of her own to boot. Layton Wayne Jordan and Elizabeth H. Stringfellow, Information contributed by C. Michael Davis, Information contributed by Elizabeth J. Russell Limehouse. Ilderton, and on the south on Main Street and on the west on _____ Street. And there were the battle reenactors - men whom Civil War tour guide Jack Thomson, a guest at the ball, calls "the bang-bang, shoot-'em-up types." A commentary in an article that is meaningful and insightful is more enjoyable, at least to me. In response to new legislation enacted by Parliament, American colonists carried out a variety of resistance activities. 1907 E.P. In 1828, Monroe sold up to two dozen enslaved people for $5,000 to Joseph Mills White, the owner of Casa Bianca, a cane and cotton plantation just outside Monticello, Fla., to pay off mounting . For weeks, Izard ran advertisements in South Carolinas newspapers, including in the July 4, 1769, edition of the South-Carolina and American General Gazette. Example of an 18th-century rum factory, and ruins of a. Ilderton et al. References & Resources Slaves Cutting the Sugar Cane William Clark (Public Domain) It turns out she was friends with Ravenel before going on the show. Sale of land for $5. But the point, he said, is not merely a matter of historical contention. limehouse plantation slavesnevada board of pharmacy regulations. McGill told people on the tour that if they visit any other plantations and hear that the. This is a list of plantations and/or plantation houses in the U.S. state of Georgia that are National Historic Landmarks, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, . Hamilton Plantation slave cabins: St. Simons Island: Glynn: Unusually well-built slave cabins; summer tours given by Cassina Garden Club 76000635 Hofwyl-Broadfield . Robert Ilderton Limehouse, only son of Thomas Limehouse and Maria Harley, graduated from the Medical College in Charleston, S.C. and practiced his profession in Summerville, S.C. His Grandmother was Lady Elizabeth Ilderton of England married Conrad R. Limehouse. Lot in Summerville, Coleton Co., SC measuring on the south 136 and on the north, west and east 140. Plantation in Collins Township, Colleton County, SC known as Round Savannah containing 900 acres. The American South is infamous for using slaves on their large plantations, and many of the black slave owners on this list are from South Carolina and Louisiana. Despite these complaints, which represent a sliver of Trip Advisor reviews, of the four tours the Guardian took at three plantations, the McLeod plantation was the only one where guests, all white, lined up to tip and thank the guide after it ended. It is assumed Hollins had defaulted on his mortgage. Rutledge wasn't budging, despite the disapproving glances. She was successful. The McRae family, who own the plantation, donated more than 75% of its land value to the state. In the 18th 10 Dilsey Pope Miles places the number of enslaved people held by Cherokees at around 600 at the start of the 19 th century and around 1,500 at the time of westward removal in 1838-9. North America's four major rail networks Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National all own lines that were built and operated with slave labor. "They were out there getting eaten up by no-see-ums," his wife, Sue, said of the true believers. The slavery story that emerges from plantation visits is extremely complex. In 1796, Airy Hall Plantation was bought by John Colleton. limehouse plantation slaveswhich of the following expressions are polynomials. Ilderton defined. I believe it was about slavery. Celebrations of Independence Day should acknowledge the complexity of American history and commemorate the courage and conviction of enslaved people who pursued their own means of achieving freedom in an era of revolutionary fervor. The slaves who worked on the plantation were forced to work long hours in hot and humid conditions. As a free lady, she was an astute entrepreneur as well as a social climber. Robert married Mary Hill, whose father served through the Revolutionary War, and to whom were born twelve children, losing seven in infancy. It was a struggle for survival and to create more living space, he said. Only 8% of high-school seniors surveyed by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) could identify slavery as a central part of the civil war, according to a 2017 report. They were made in Europe, perhaps based on an African original.Once Bristol entered the African trade, manillas were made locally for export to West Africa. Ilderton defined. It wouldn't be long, however, before freedom would come to Chippokes. Dr. Robert I. Limehouse, during the Wade Hampton campaign in 1876 had his mail mixed with another R. I. Limehouse, so he appealed to the Legislature and paid five hundred dollars to have Limehouse dropped and retain Ilderton. Middleton Place in South Carolina is one of about 375 plantation museums across the US. Tintin has been an inspiration for generations. Location Ashepoo River, Fenwick, St. Bartholomew's Parish, 1768 Shubrick conveyed the property to Dr. James Skirving (, 1770 Dr. Skirving gave 1,100 acres along the Ashepoo River to his daughter Elizabeth and her husband Philip Smith. Copyright 2023 Endgame360 Inc. All Rights Reserved. Executors of the estate of Robert Ilderton. "I looked at him and said, 'Hello, cousin,' " Darby said. Andrew Jackson bought The Hermitage plantation (Tennessee) in 1804 and ensured that slaves worked tirelessly picking cotton. t is a picture of southern splendor: a grand oak tree dripping with Spanish moss, a manicured green lawn leading to a pristine pond. We did not receive a historical [perhaps more like hysteria] relevant or informative tour but depending on your ethnicity, were subjected to a lecture aimed to instil guilt, said one person in an April 2019 Tripadvisor review. urchinTracker(); South-Carolina-Plantations.com Airy Hall Plantation, Fenwick, Colleton County, SC. It is a picture of southern splendor: a grand oak tree dripping with Spanish moss, a manicured green lawn leading to a pristine pond. Africans in the US were the predominant players of this instrument until the 1840s.